Risks of avian influenza spread into Europe via trade

This virus type has not yet been reported in any country other than the US.   

EFSA’s scientists highlight that key European stopovers with high-density bird congregations, such as Iceland, Britain, Ireland, western Scandinavia, and large wetlands like the Wadden Sea on the Dutch, Danish, and German coasts, would be useful places for early detection of the virus during the seasonal migration of wild birds.

The report also considers the potential introduction of the virus into Europe through trade, concluding that the importation of products containing raw milk from affected areas in the US cannot be completely excluded and could therefore represent a possible pathway. The importation of dairy cows and bovine meat may also pose a potential route for virus introduction. However, the virus has rarely been detected in meat, animal imports are very limited, and strict trade regulations are in place for meat and live animals entering the EU.

EFSA’s report also provides an overview of the situation in the US, where 981 dairy herds across 16 states were affected by avian influenza between March 2024 and May 2025. Reviewed by US authorities, the report highlights that cattle movement, low biosecurity, and shared farm equipment contributed to the virus’s spread. By the end of the year, EFSA will assess the potential impact of this HPAI genotype entering Europe and recommend measures to prevent its spread.