Cat Ba, a magnificent archipelago in northern Vietnam, has been honored twice by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The first recognition came in 2004 when it was designated a World Biosphere Reserve, affirming its global ecological value and exemplary management model where humans and nature coexist in harmony. Most recently, in September 2023, Cat Ba once again shone on the world stage when it was inscribed as part of the Ha Long Bay – Cat Ba Archipelago World Heritage Site, acknowledging its outstanding geological, geomorphological, and biodiversity values.

This dual recognition is not only a source of national pride for Vietnam but also a vivid testament to the strong commitment of the Party, the State, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment to implement strategies and policies on sustainable development and biodiversity conservation, closely aligned with agricultural restructuring and new rural development goals. The Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve, now the core of the World Heritage Site, stands as a living symbol of this vision, where scientific conservation, green economic growth, and cultural preservation are harmoniously integrated.

Beyond its titles, Cat Ba is a true treasure trove of biodiversity, stretching from limestone peaks rising dramatically toward the sky to the mysterious depths of the sea. This strictly protected area is home to numerous endemic and critically endangered species.

According to Mr. Nguyen Van Thiu, Director of Cat Ba National Park – the agency directly responsible for managing and conserving the “heart” of the biosphere reserve – the Park was established in 1986 as Vietnam’s first national park with both terrestrial and marine components. It features tropical limestone forest ecosystems on islands, a rare and highly endemic ecological type. However, the globally outstanding value and the emblematic species of Cat Ba is the Cat Ba Langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus) – a critically endangered primate found nowhere else on Earth and existing with only a very limited population. Because of this, the species is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) among the world’s most endangered primates, requiring urgent protection, representing an exceptional and irreplaceable global value.

Alongside the langur, Cat Ba also harbors a distinctive tropical rainforest flora on limestone mountains, interconnected with an extensive network of caves that together form a complex, multi-layered ecosystem of global research and conservation significance. The diversity of migratory birds, marine species, and fisheries resources further enriches the region’s ecological network. The tight interconnection between terrestrial and marine ecosystems creates a unified and resilient ecological system.

However, Mr. Thieu candidly acknowledged the significant challenges in managing and conserving this primate species and the broader biodiversity treasure of the island. The first major challenge comes from tourism development – especially mass and uncontrolled tourism – which threatens habitats, causes environmental pollution, and degrades ecosystem quality. Several tourism routes traverse the living areas of the Cat Ba Langur and other rare species, potentially disrupting their natural behaviors.

The second challenge stems from climate change, reflected in the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, altered forest growth cycles, limestone erosion, and rising sea levels – all directly affecting the structure and function of the local ecosystems. The third challenge is wildlife hunting, particularly of small mammals, which continues to occur. Lastly, monitoring, inspection, and data collection for biodiversity research and protection solutions remain limited.

“Despite its exceptional values, Cat Ba is still struggling to preserve its pristine beauty amid the pressures of development and climate change,” shared Mr. Nguyen Van Thiu, Director of Cat Ba National Park.

Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve, recognized by UNESCO on December 2, 2004, with a total area of 26,418.9 hectares, is one of the first World Biosphere Reserves in the Asia-Pacific region to apply the “Learning Laboratory” model for sustainable development based on the SLIQ approach (System Thinking, Landscape Planning, Interdisciplinary Coordination, Quality Economy). This model aims to conserve biodiversity in parallel with sustainable economic development, improve local livelihoods, and support scientific research.

Cat Ba Archipelago possesses exceptional biodiversity values with 10 distinctive ecosystems, ranging from limestone mountain forests and mangrove forests to rich marine ecosystems. It is home to 1,595 species of terrestrial forest plants, 36 species of mangrove plants, and hundreds of species of phytoplankton and seaweeds. In terms of fauna, the archipelago records 63 species of mammals, 209 species of birds, 58 species of reptiles, 32 species of amphibians, and numerous marine species such as fish, benthic organisms, and corals. Notably, Cat Ba is the only place in the world where the Cat Ba Langur (Trachypithecus francoisi polyocephalus), an extremely rare primate species, can be found.

Over the past decade, Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve has achieved significant progress. In terms of management, the Hai Phong City People’s Committee decided to adjust the management function of the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve on October 21, 2024, to strengthen management efficiency.

Forest protection and biodiversity conservation have yielded positive results. Forest cover has been maintained at 35.11% with good quality. Notably, forest law violations have sharply declined, with no illegal logging or forest clearing for cultivation. The total number of flora and fauna species in the World Biosphere Reserve has increased by 110, from 3,956 to 4,066 species. The Cat Ba Langur Conservation Project has achieved great success, with the population rising from about 40 individuals in 2000 to 76 in 2023.

Cat Ba has actively promoted international cooperation with 89 organizations and various other World Biosphere Reserves, while also coordinating with domestic research institutes and universities to conduct 23 programs and scientific studies on natural resources, environment, and climate change. In 2024, Cat Ba implemented digital transformation initiatives, building a biodiversity database and software for rapid identification of 30 rare species.

Public awareness and environmental education activities have been widely carried out. Sustainable livelihood models such as extensive crab farming, organic vegetable cultivation, and bio-based livestock farming have been supported in buffer zones, along with forest protection contracts to create income for local residents.

Ecotourism in Cat Ba has grown remarkably, with the number of visitors doubling from 1.5 million (in 2014) to 3 million (in 2023), and projected to reach 3.6 million in 2024. This growth has contributed to the local economy, job creation, and promotion of the archipelago’s natural values. The Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve brand has also been developed, certified for 25 local enterprises, contributing to the strengthening of the green economy.

A historic milestone was achieved on September 16, 2023, when Ha Long Bay – Cat Ba Archipelago was officially recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, an extension of the previous Ha Long Bay Heritage, reaffirming Hai Phong’s strong efforts in conservation and sustainable development.

According to Nguyen Van Thiu, Director of Cat Ba National Park, the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve is managed under UNESCO’s three core functions: conservation (preserving biodiversity), development (promoting sustainable economy), and logistic support (scientific research and environmental education). Vietnam has skillfully integrated national policies and the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment’s regulations into this model.

Facing many challenges, the management model of Cat Ba National Park, which plays a central role in both the Biosphere Reserve and the World Heritage Site, has been continuously innovated. Notable advancements include digital transformation for data management and biodiversity monitoring, application of artificial intelligence to build a virtual space for specimen information storage and exhibition, establishment of an early forest fire warning system within the biosphere reserve, and the use of advanced technology software in management, investment promotion, and ecotourism marketing.

“To achieve effective conservation, a multidisciplinary and sustainable approach is essential. From a management perspective, we are transitioning from traditional conservation to evidence-based management supported by digital data,” said Director Thiu.

At the same time, close engagement with the local community is the guiding principle for both conservation and development. “They are the people living near the forest and play a decisive role in the success of conservation efforts. Cat Ba National Park has implemented co-management models for forest resources, supported local people in developing nature-friendly livelihoods such as native tree planting, community-based ecotourism, wild beekeeping, and traditional handicrafts. Especially, young generations in Cat Ba are now participating in environmental education programs in schools and in the field to cultivate awareness of conservation from an early age,” said Nguyen Quang Khai, Head of Khoan Cao Forest Protection Station.

At Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve, economic development is not only about growth but also about harmony with conservation and local culture. The nature-based livelihood models mentioned by Thiu are living proof of this vision.

Ecotourism and responsible community-based tourism programs allow visitors to explore the culture of local fishing villages, enjoy regional cuisine, and experience OCOP products such as Cat Ba forest honey. These activities generate significant added value. They are high-quality, environmentally friendly tourism products that contribute to restructuring the agricultural sector toward service-oriented and tourism-driven growth.

Cat Ba offers a wide range of distinctive agricultural, forestry, and fishery products developed sustainably through advanced technology. Examples include forest honey, products derived from rare medicinal herbs, and sustainable seafood. Developing these products, building strong brands, and expanding export opportunities remain top priorities. They enhance branding efforts and strengthen the position and market share of Vietnam’s agricultural, forestry, and fishery sectors in the global value chain.

According to Mr. Do Van Dong, a forest ranger at Eo Bua Station, “Cat Ba National Park attracts a large number of tourists, especially international visitors. In addition to patrolling duties, forest rangers must also learn foreign languages to promote legal awareness and introduce the park to foreign guests.”

Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve serves as a crucial bridge for Vietnam in international cooperation programs on conservation, scientific research, and sustainable development. In particular, the inclusion of Cat Ba National Park as part of the Ha Long Bay – Cat Ba Archipelago World Heritage Site recognized by UNESCO brings great significance and responsibility.

Director Nguyen Van Thiu emphasized: “This recognition is not only a great honor but also sets out responsibilities and challenges that require us to implement comprehensive and stricter protection efforts. Becoming a World Heritage Site enhances both the national and international value of Cat Ba National Park, while opening opportunities to access global resources for research, conservation, and sustainable development. This enables the region to preserve its unique biodiversity, especially rare species such as the Cat Ba langur, Cat Ba gecko, and Cat Ba begonia, as well as protect their habitats in the present and future.”

Regarding collaboration among stakeholders, the Director of Cat Ba National Park shared that the unit always prioritizes strengthening partnerships and joint development. With the Ha Long Bay Management Board, “We have established a joint management mechanism for the heritage site, focusing on developing and submitting for approval a comprehensive management and conservation plan, raising awareness about heritage values and protection measures, and monitoring the impact of tourism. This includes developing shared regulations on ecotourism and waste management, as well as protecting both forest and marine ecosystems.”

With local authorities, “The park maintains close coordination with governments from the commune to the city level in implementing conservation and sustainable development programs, expanding eco-friendly industries, and reducing dependence on natural resource exploitation.”

With international organizations, “Cat Ba National Park actively seeks support from global institutions such as UNESCO, WWF, and IUCN. They provide not only financial assistance but also technical expertise in applying advanced conservation technologies, conducting scientific research and environmental impact assessments, and organizing community education programs. This cooperation helps sustain long-term wildlife conservation projects, especially for endangered, rare, and endemic species.”

According to the Director of Forest Protection Department Region I, Cat Ba National Park has a highly diverse ecosystem, including terrestrial and marine systems with over 1,500 plant species, some of which are endemic. The park and the regional forestry unit have established a coordination mechanism to monitor natural resources, ensuring accurate and lawful updates on resource fluctuations. After signing this coordination agreement, the regional forestry department assigned qualified officers to assist Cat Ba National Park in maintaining annual monitoring records. “We all share the responsibility to protect this ecosystem. Based on this agreement, we will take concrete actions during each mission to monitor changes in forest conditions annually, helping the park and forest owners effectively manage resources and assess their true condition. This is especially vital in preventing the hunting of migratory and wild birds,” said the regional forestry director.

Regarding the park’s five- to ten-year vision, Director Nguyen Van Thiu outlined three goals: first, to restore and stabilize the Cat Ba langur population to a biologically safe level; second, to ensure 100% of natural forests are actively monitored using digital technology; and third, to make the park an internationally recognized, responsible ecotourism destination that preserves its pristine natural values.

Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve, now part of the Ha Long Bay – Cat Ba Archipelago World Heritage Site, stands as a symbol of harmony between majestic nature, unique local culture, and Vietnam’s aspirations for sustainable development. With continuous efforts from the Government, the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment, the scientific community, and local residents, along with international cooperation and support, Cat Ba will continue to serve as a model for green and prosperous growth.

This is not only a place that preserves a priceless biodiversity treasure but also a driving force for ecotourism, high-tech agriculture, and Vietnam’s affirmation on the global map of sustainable development. Through the insights shared by Director Nguyen Van Thiu, we can see a dynamic Cat Ba, one that embraces technology, empowers communities, and reaches out to the world with a clear vision.

It is a sincere invitation to investors, scientists, and international visitors to join Vietnam in writing the next chapter of a green, harmonious, and sustainable Cat Ba, a dual heritage and a dual pride for the nation and humanity.